Chemical composition of Ambrette Essential Oil

Chemical penning of Ambrette Essential petroleumChemical base of the ingrained crude petroleum of ambrette (Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.) from subtropical region of join IndiaRam S. Verma*, Rajendra C. Padalia, Amit ChauhanABSTRACTAbelmoschus moschatus (Family Malvaceae), popularly known as ambrette or muskdana, is an important aromatic and medicinal plant of India. The plant is widely elegant in tropical countries for their musk-scented sow ins usable in perfumery and medicine. In this study, hydrodistilled ambrette root necessity fossil inunct produced in subtropical region of normalityeast India was investigated utilize botch up chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and GC- green goddess spectrometry (GC-MS). A tally of 27 constituents, representing 90.4% of the total fossil anoint newspaper were identified. Major constituents of the inunct were (2E,6E)-farnesyl ethanoate (58.0%), (Z)-oxacycloheptadec-8-en-2-one (12.1%), decyl acetate rayon r ayon (4.8%), (2Z,6E)-farnesyl acetate (3.5%), (Z)-oxacyclopentadec-6-en-2-one (2.4%), dodecyl acetate (2.4%) and (2E,6Z)-farnesol (2.0%). Ambrettolide and its homologues, responsible for the characteristic musk-like odour, constitute 15.8% of oil composition.Keywords Abelmoschus moschatus, Malvaceae, ambrette seed, substantive oil, (2E,6E)-farnesyl acetate1. IntroductionAbelmoschus moschatus Medik. (syn. Hibiscus abelmoschus (L.), commonly known as ambrette, is native to India (1). It is cultivated in tropical regions of Asia, Africa and South America for their seeds. The seeds come been used as tonic, stimulant, car hourative, diuretic, demulcent, and for stomachic property (2). The substantive oil obtained by steam-distillation of ambrette seeds is a valuable material known for a rich, sweet, floral-musky, distinctly wine-like or brandy-like odor, which finds application in flavour and aroma formulations (3). Moreover, the seed intrinsic oil is used as anti-inflammatory, ana lgesic and antispasmodic drug. It is indicated against cramps and bowel disorders and similarly useful in the itching caused by insect bites. The leaves and the fruits of the plant are consumed in soups and the seeds are used as a spice (4). In concomitant to this, A. moschatus shows good antioxidant, antiproliferative and antimicrobial activities (5). The plant has been classified advertisement as an herb of dim safety by the solid food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the extracts are classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for their use in baked foods, bottom of the inningdies, and alcoholic beverages (6). The chemic composition of inhering oil and extracts of ambrette seed have been reported from different countries (7-16). The ambrette seed oil has a a lot smoother odor than synthetic musk compounds, and the major(ip) compounds responsible for the characteristic musky odor include ambrettolide (Z)-7-hexadecen-16-olide and (Z)-5-tetradecen-14-olide (17).Despi te a long history of uses in traditional medicines and in perfumery, information on A. moschatus from subtropical region of India is meager. Therefore, in this study, volatile oil composition of the ambrette seed grown in north India (subtropical condition) has been investigated.2. Experimental2.1. Plant material and isolation of essential oilThe ambrette seeds were a great deal from experimental field of CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, search Centre, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) in the month of December (20092011). The experimental site is located between coordinates 29.02N, 79.31E and an altitude of 243 m in foothills of north India. Isolation of the essential oil from ambrette seeds was carried out by hydrodistillation in a Clevengers type instrument for 5 hours. Isolated oil was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and stored at 4C until further analyses.2.2. GC and GC-MS analysesGC outline of the essential oil was carried out on a Nucon artillery chromatograph m odel 5765 fitted out(p) with DB-5 capillary towboat (30 m 0.25 mm internal diameter, film burdensomeness 0.25 m) and flame ionization detector (FID). The oven column temperature ranged from 60230 C, programmed at 3 C/min, using H2 as common carrier gas at 1.0 mL/min, a split ratio of 135, an injection size of it of 0.03 L neat, and injector and detector temperatures were 220 C and 230 C, respectively for Nucon gas chromatograph model 5765. GC/MS analysis of the essential oil sample was carried out on a Clarus 680 GC interfaced with a Clarus SQ 8C mass spectrometer of PerkinElmer fitted with Elite-5 MS fused-silica capillary column (30 m 0.25 mm i.d., film thickness 0.25 m). The oven temperature program was from 60240 C, at 3 C/min, and programmed to 270 C at 5 C /min injector temperature was 250 C transfer line and source temperatures were 220 C injection size 0.03 L neat split ratio 150 carrier gas He at 1.0 mL/min ionization susceptibility 70 eV mass scan range 40-450 amu. Characterization was achieved on the basis of remembering index (RI, determined using a homological series of n-alkanes, C8-C30 hydrocarbons), mass spectra library search (NIST/EPA/NIH version 2.1 and Wiley registry of mass spectral data 7th edition) and by comparing the observe RI and mass spectral data with the literature (18,19). The relative amounts of individual components were calculated establish on the relative % peak areas (FID response), without using a correction factor.2.3. statistical analysisTo compare of the examined essential oil composition of ambrette seed from subtropics with the reported compositions from other regions, seven samples (1 present study and 2-7 other regions) (8,9,11,13,14) were treated as operational taxonomic units. The percentage of nine major components, representing composition up to 82.8-89.0% of ambrette essential oil (decyl acetate, dodecyl acetate, (E)--farnesene, (Z)-oxacyclopentadec-6-en-2-one, (2Z,6E)-farnesyl acetate, (2E,6E)-farne syl acetate, (2E,6E)-farnesol, (Z)-oxacycloheptadec-8-en-2-one, and (E)-2,3-dihydrofarnesyl acetate) were used to determine the chemical kindred among the different essential oil samples by hierarchical cluster analysis using the average method (20). This software computes the hierarchical clustering of a multivariate dataset based on dissimilarities. The derived dendrogram depicts the grouping of chemical compositions as per their chemical constituents.3. Results and discussionThe essential oil yield and chemical composition of ambrette seeds observed in subtropics, north India is presented in flurry 1. The seeds gave 0.12 0.01% (v/w) of essential oil on hydrodistillation. However, essential oil yield was 0.150.20% in ambrette seeds under eastern Indian conditions (12). The resulting essential oil was analysed using GC-FID and GC-MS techniques. Altogether, 27 constituents, representing 90.4% of the total oil composition were identified. Major constituents of the oil were (2E,6E) -farnesyl acetate (58.0%), (Z)-oxacycloheptadec-8-en-2-one (12.1%), decyl acetate (4.8%), (2Z,6E)-farnesyl acetate (3.5%), (Z)-oxacyclopentadec-6-en-2-one (2.4%), dodecyl acetate (2.4%), (2E,6Z)-farnesol (2.0%), (Z)-oxacyclononadec-10-en-2-one (1.3%) and (E)-nerolidol (0.7%).The essential oil composition of ambrette seed has been investigated earlier from different countries and mainly tail fin types of compositions are described. Garnero and Buil (1978) identified (2E,6E)-farnesol (39.0%) and (E,E)-farnesyl acetate (35.4%) as the major constituents of ambrette seed oil (13). Dung et al (1999) reported two different compositions, viz. (E)-2,3-dihydrofarnesyl acetate (67.3%) type, and (E,E)-farnesyl acetate (35.5%) and (E)-2,3-dihydrofarnesyl acetate (32.9%) type for ambrette seed oil from Vietnamese (14). However, ambrette seed oils from Ecuador and China are reported to have (E,E)-farnesyl acetate (59.1% and 64.22%) and (Z)-oxacycloheptadec-8-en-2-one (7.8% and 14.9%) as major cons tituents (8,9). According to an earlier study from Odisha (eastern India), the main constituents of ambrette seed oil were (E,E)-farnesyl acetate (47.6%), (E)--farnesene (9.6%) and (Z)-oxacycloheptadec-8-en-2-one (9.0%) (11). Moreover, to compare the examined essential oil composition with earlier reported compositions, the confine (%) of nine major components of different oils were subjected to the hierarchical cluster analysis. The derived dendrogram clearly gift dissimilarity based on the percentages of the constituents present among the different compositions (Figure 1). Thus, composition of the examined oil from subtropical northern India was closer to the oil composition reported from Ecuador (8). However, it was sooner different from China (9) and eastern Indian (11) ambrette seed oils due to the case (%) of other constituents, viz. (E)--farnesene and decyl acetate.4. ConclusionsIn conclusions, the chemical composition of ambrette seed oil produced in subtropics was rich i n (E,E)-farnesyl acetate (58.0%), and ambrettolide and its homologues (15.8%). The ambrette seed oil has a promising value for fragrance and fixative purposes. Based on the results of this study, it can be said that ambrette can also produced good quality essential oil in the subtropical conditions of north India.AcknowledgementsCouncil of Scientific and industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi is thankfully acknowledged for the financial support to carrying out the school (Project BSC0203). Authors are also thankful to the Director, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for rise and the Central Chemical Facility (CSIR-CIMAP) for providing facility for GC and GC/MS analyses.ReferencesAnonymous, The wealth of India Raw materials National Institute of Science Communication, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research New Delhi, Vol. 5, pp 75-77 (1959).R. Sharma and A. Shahzad, Thidiazuran (TDZ) induced regeneration from cotyledonary node explant of Abelmoschus mosch atus Medik. L. (A valuable medicinal plant). World J. Agric. Sci., 4(4), 449-452 (2008).S. Arctander, Perfume and flavor materials of natural origin Arctander Elizabeth, NJ, pp 58-60 (1960).De La Ripelle, H. F. (2006). Les hiscus, tradition et modernite. Phytotherapie, 3,136144.M.Z. Gul, L.M. Bhakshu, F. Ahmad, A.K. Kondapi, I.A. Qureshi and I.A. 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URL http//www.wessa.net/Table 1 Chemical composition of ambrette (Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.) seed essential oil from north IndiaS. no.CompoundaRIbRIcContent (%)dS. no.CompoundaRIbRIcContent (%)d1-Pinene9339320.1 0.0915Decyl propanoate150215010.2 0.062-Pinene972974t16(E)-Nerolidol156015620.7 0.0636-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one9789810.1 0.0417(Z)-5-Dodecenyl acetate15881592*0.5 0.064-Terpinene10141014t18Dodecyl acetate160916072.4 0.255p-Cymene102210200.2 0.2519(2Z,6Z)-Farnesol169616980.1 0.006Limonene102610240.2 0.1620(2E,6Z)-Farnesol171317142.0 0.9371,8-Cineole102810260.2 0.2121(Z)-Oxacyclopentadec-6-en-2-one17192.4 2.438Linalool110010950.4 0.4622(2Z,6E)-Farnesyl acetate182218213.5 1.159Camphor11461141t23(2E,6E)-Farnesyl acetate1850184558.0 3.1310n-Decanol127012660.3 0.3524(2E,6E)-Farnesyl propanoate19190.4 0.1711Undecanal13041305t25(Z)-Oxacycloheptadec-8-en-2-one 1928 192912.1 4.8812Decyl acetate140714074.8 0.9026(Z)-Oxacyclononadec-10-en-2-one21281.3 0.7913(E)--Farnesene145814540.2 0.3327Linoleic dosage21292132t1410-Undecenol acetate149914980.1 0.10Total identified (%)90.4 6.25aMode of identification retention index (RI), mass spectral data (GCMS) RIb Experimental remembering big businessman (relative to n-alkane) RIc Retention Index from literature (18) dMean ( standard deviation) of three samples also known as (Z)-5-tetradecen-14-olide also known as (Z)-7-hexadecen-16-olide (= musk ambrette) *KI Kovat Index (19).Figure 1 Hierarchical cluster analysis of the essential oil compositions of ambrette (Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.) seed. 1 present study (2E,6E)-farnesyl acetate (58.0%), (Z)-oxacycloheptadec-8-en-2-one (12.1%) 2 (2E,6E)-farnesol (39.0%), (2E,6E)-farnesyl acetate (35.4%) (Garnero and Buil, 1978) 3 China (2E,6E)-farnesyl acetate (64.22%), (Z)-oxacycloheptadec-8-en-2-one (14.96%) (Tang et al., 1990) 4 Ecuador (2E,6E)-farnesyl a cetate (59.1%), (Z)-oxacycloheptadec-8-en-2-one (7.8%) (Cravo et al., 1992) 5 Vietnam (E)-2,3-dihydrofarnesyl acetate (67.3%), (2E,6E)-farnesyl acetate (14.9%) (Dung et al., 1999) 6 Vietnam (2E,6E)-farnesyl acetate (35.5%), (E)-2,3-dihydrofarnesyl acetate (32.9%) (Dung et al., 1999) 7 Eastern India (2E,6E)-farnesyl acetate (47.6%), (E)--farnesene (9.6%) (Rout et al., 2004).1